Intervenção da fisioterapia na síndrome de Menkes: relato de caso / Intervention of physiotherapy in Menkes syndrome: case report

Objetivo: Descrever a intervenção da fisioterapia motora e respiratória no caso de uma criança com Síndrome de Menkes. Método: Relato de caso, com base em registros retrospectivos, no qual são apresentados dados referentes ao acompanhamento fisioterapêutico de uma criança com o diagnóstico de Síndrome de Menkes. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do prontuário, entrevista com familiares e informações dos profissionais envolvidos. O referido paciente foi encaminhado para assistência fisioterapêutica aos 5 meses de vida, devido ao quadro de pneumonia com presença de atelectasia, associado as manifestações típicas da Síndrome, sendo então acompanhado por um período de 04 meses. Foram realizados 76 atendimentos, de um total de 91 agendamentos, os quais incluíram fisioterapia motora e respiratória, sendo aplicados métodos, técnicas, manuseios e posturas, para estimulação do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, e realizadas técnicas e recursos fisioterapêuticos para desobstrução e reexpansão pulmonar. Resultados: A cada sessão, a criança apresentou evidente melhora imediata no padrão e tipo respiratório, na frequência respiratória, na ausculta pulmonar e nos sinais de desconforto respiratório. Além disso, a estimulação motora e manutenção do quadro músculo esquelético, impediram agravos e deformidades. Segundo relato da mãe, a criança mostrava-se menos agitada após as sessões, com melhora no padrão e conforto respiratório, o que impactou de forma positiva na sua qualidade de vida. Conclusão: A fisioterapia motora e respiratória se apresentam como terapêuticas favoráveis para condição de saúde geral de pacientes com Síndrome de Menkes e novos estudos devem ser conduzidos no sentido de elucidar essa intervenção, com amostras maiores.

Objective: To describe the intervention of motor and respiratory physiotherapy in the case of a child with Menkes Syndrome. Method: Case report based on retrospective registers in which data are presented regarding the physical therapy accompaniment of a child with the diagnosis of Menkes Syndrome. The data were obtained based on the records of the child's chart, interview with relatives and information of the professionals involved. The patient was referred for physiotherapeutic assistance at 5 months of age, due to the presence of atelectasis pneumonia associated with the typical manifestations of Menkes' Syndrome, followed by a period of 4 months. A total of 76 appointments were performed, including motor and respiratory physiotherapy, and methods, techniques and manipulations were used to stimulate neuropsychomotor development, as well as techniques and physiotherapeutic resources were used to clear and reexpans the lungs. Results: At each session, the child showed evident immediate improvement in respiratory pattern and type, respiratory rate, pulmonary auscultation, and signs of respiratory discomfort. In addition, the motor stimulation and maintenance of the skeletal muscle of the child, prevented injuries and deformities. According to the mother's report, the child was less agitated after the sessions, with improved breathing pattern and comfort, which positively impacted his quality of life. Conclusion: Motor and respiratory physiotherapy are presented as favorable therapies for the general health condition of patients with Menkes-Syndrome, and further studies should be conducted to elucidate this intervention in a bigger sample.

El metabolismo del cobre. Sus consecuencias para la salud humana / Metabolism of copper. Its consequences for human health

Diversas enfermedades que constituyen problemas para la salud humana a nivel mundial, son el resultado de fallos en la homeostasis del cobre en la célula. El mecanismo de transporte del cobre no está completamente dilucidado; de ahí la necesidad de continuar profundizando en este tema. La presente revisión bibliográfica, sustentada en el análisis de 40 artículos científicos, describe los procesos de captación, distribución y eliminación del cobre en la célula; se refiere además a las enfermedades relacionadas con alteraciones en el metabolismo de dicho elemento y a su tratamiento, tales como, la enfermedad de Menkes y la de Wilson; y por último, a los estudios moleculares realizados en pacientes cubanos. Se concluye que el trabajo aporta información relevante que contribuye a la actualización y preparación del personal médico, respecto a estas afecciones a nivel molecular, celular y de organismo.

Several diseases which constitute a health problem for humans worldwide result from failure of copper cellular homeostasis. The mechanism of copper transportation in not completely defined therefore it is necessary to continue deepening on the topic. The present bibliographical review, based on the analysis of 40 scientific articles, describes the processes of copper catchment, distribution and elimination of copper in the cell; it refers, in addition to the diseases related to the metabolic disturbances of this element and its treatment, such as Menkes and Wilson diseases and lastly the molecular studies performed in Cuban patients. It is concluded that this work offers a significant information which contribute to the updating and preparation of the medical personnel regarding these illnesses at the molecular, cellular levels so as in the organism.

Clinical Findings of Menkes Disease and the Treatment of Epilepsy / 대한소아신경학회지

Menkes disease (also known as kinky hair disease) is an X-linked recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by diverse mutations in a copper-transport gene, ATP7A. Affected patients are characterized by kinky hair, hypotonia, and generalized myoclonic seizures. Here, we report a case of Menkes disease in which the patient presented with progressive hypotonia and intractable seizures. A 4-month-old male infant visited our pediatric clinic for focal seizures with blinking eyes. He was generally hypotonic and suffered from malnutrition. The focal seizures became more frequent, and the patient became intractable to anti-seizure medications. An electroencephalogram (EEG) indicated diffuse cerebral dysfunction with focal seizure, and a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed tortuous and ectatic intracranial arteries, as well as several ischemic lesions. A genetic analysis was performed, and a c.2473_2474del (p.Leu825fsX1) of the ATP7A gene was detected.

Menkes disease: importance of diagnosis with molecular analysis in the neonatal period / Doença de Menkes: importância do diagnóstico com análise molecular no período neonatal

Summary Menkes disease is a congenital disorder caused by changes in copper metabolism derived from mutations in the ATP7A gene. It is characterized by physical and neurological alterations. In the neonatal period, these alterations can be nonspecific, which makes early diagnosis a challenge. Diagnosis can be suspected when there are low levels of ceruloplasmin and serum copper. Molecular analysis confirms the diagnosis. Treatment is parenteral administration of copper histidine. We report a familial case with molecular confirmation. The proband had clinical and biochemical suspicious. Treatment with copper histidine was indicated, but initiated at the age of 2 months and 27 days only. He did not present improvements and died at 6 months. The mother became pregnant again, a male fetus was identified and copper histidine was manufactured during pregnancy. He was born healthy, biochemical markers were reduced and treatment was indicated. Molecular analysis was performed confirming mutation in both the mother and the proband, while the other son did not have mutation, so treatment was discontinued. We support the clinical relevance of molecular confirmation for the correct diagnosis and genetic counseling, once clinical findings in the neonatal period are nonspecific and early treatment with parenteral copper histidine must be indicated.

Resumo A doença de Menkes é causada por uma alteração genética no metabolismo do cobre, por mutações no gene ATP7A. Caracteriza-se por alterações neurológicas e no exame físico. No período neonatal, essas alterações podem ser inespecíficas, o que torna o diagnóstico precoce um desafio. O diagnóstico pode ser suspeitado quando há baixos níveis séricos de cobre e ceruloplasmina. A análise molecular confirma o diagnóstico, e o tratamento deve ser feito com histidina de cobre. Nós relatamos um caso familial de doença de Menkes. O probando apresentava quadro clínico e alterações bioquímicas compatíveis com a doença de Menkes, em consulta com 1 mês de vida. O tratamento foi indicado, mas apenas iniciado com 2 meses e 27 dias. Ele não apresentou melhora clínica e veio a óbito com 6 meses. A mãe teve uma nova gestação, foi identificado um feto do sexo masculino e foi solicitada a manipulação da histidina de cobre ainda durante a gestação. O bebê nasceu saudável, os marcadores bioquímicos estavam diminuídos e o tratamento com histidina de cobre foi indicado. Realizamos a análise molecular, que confirmou mutação no gene ATP7A na mãe e no probando; porém, o outro filho não apresentava mutação e o tratamento foi interrompido. Nós defendemos a importância clínica da confirmação molecular para o correto diagnóstico e o aconselhamento genético da doença de Menkes, uma vez que os achados clínicos e as alterações bioquímicas no período neonatal são inespecíficos, e o tratamento com histidina de cobre parenteral deve ser rapidamente instituído.

A case of Menkes disease caused by novel mutation in the ATP7A gene with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Menkes disease is caused by mutations in the ATP7A gene that lead to intracellular copper transport defects and characterized by brownish twisted (kinky) hair accompanied by growth retardation and intellectual disability. Reduced nitric oxide (NO) production contributes to infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) because NO plays an important role in smooth muscle relaxation. Here we describe a case of Menkes disease and IHPS in a 72-day-old male patient with severe persistent vomiting and convulsions with a novel ATP7A mutation.

Hair Abnormality and Cutis Laxa in Menkes Disease / 대한피부과학회지

Menkes disease, so called kinky-hair syndrome, is a rare fatal X-linked recessive disorder, which is caused by a mutation in the ATP7A gene encoding the copper transporting ATPase. Dysfunction of copper-dependent enzymes results in various clinical features, including skin and hair hypopigmentation, progressive neurologic degeneration, bone and connective tissue alterations with soft doughy skin and joint laxity, and vascular abnormalities, including aneurysms and bladder diverticula. Patients have the characteristic hair, which is kinky, colorless or steel-colored, and brittle with cutis laxa. Early diagnosis and treatments are perquisites for improving the clinical outcomes. Herein, we describe a rare case of Menkes disease accompanied by hair abnormality and cutis laxa in a 35-days-old boy.

Hair Abnormality and Cutis Laxa in Menkes Disease / 대한피부과학회지

Menkes disease, so called kinky-hair syndrome, is a rare fatal X-linked recessive disorder, which is caused by a mutation in the ATP7A gene encoding the copper transporting ATPase. Dysfunction of copper-dependent enzymes results in various clinical features, including skin and hair hypopigmentation, progressive neurologic degeneration, bone and connective tissue alterations with soft doughy skin and joint laxity, and vascular abnormalities, including aneurysms and bladder diverticula. Patients have the characteristic hair, which is kinky, colorless or steel-colored, and brittle with cutis laxa. Early diagnosis and treatments are perquisites for improving the clinical outcomes. Herein, we describe a rare case of Menkes disease accompanied by hair abnormality and cutis laxa in a 35-days-old boy.

An Anesthetic Experience in a Patient with Menkes Disease: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Menkes disease, so-called kinky hair disease or steely hair disease, is a rare X-linked recessive disorder of intracellular copper transport protein ATP7A defect, due to mutation of ATP7A gene, resulting in copper deficiency. It is characterized by seizure, retarded neurological development, kinky hair, skeletal abnormality, recurrent infection and subnormal body temperature. In addition, gastroesophageal reflux with the risk of aspiration is another important feature. This article is the first report of anesthetic management in a patient with Menkes disease who underwent gastrostomy and bladder diverticulectomy in Korea.

A Case of Kinky Hair Disease

Kinky hair disease is X-linked recessive neurodegenerative disorder produced by defects in a gene(ATP7A) that encodes an intracellular copper-transporting ATPase. About 90-95% of the patients have a severe clinical course leading to death in early childhood. ATP7A mutations associated with Menkes disease show great variety from cytogenetic abnormalities to partial gene deletions to single base-pair changes. We experienced a 15 month-old boy with loss of developmental milestones, hypotonia, seizures and failure to thrive. On laboratory findings, the levels of serum copper and ceruloplasmin were low. Electron microscopy of hair illustrated pathognomic pili torti and other abnormalities such as trichorrhexis nodosa and trichoptilosis(longitudinal splitting of the shaft). Brain magnetic resonance image showed diffuse cerebral and cerebellar atrophy with tortousity of cerebral blood vessels. Genetic defect was evaluated. Our sequencing data on the amplified exon 19 of ATP7ase genomic DNA confirmed point mutation, G1255A, resulting in a glycine-to-arginine conversion. So, we report a brief view with the related literatures.